34.2. Credit and default risk

The credit and default risk arising from financial assets involves the risk of default by counterparties, and therefore comprises at a maximum the amount of the claims under carrying amounts receivable from them and the irrevocable credit commitments. The maximum potential credit and default risk is reduced by collateral held and other credit enhancements in the amount of €74,115 million (previous year: €66,555 million). The collateral held relates solely to financial assets carried at amortized cost and mainly serves to secure financial services receivables and trade receivables. Collateral comprises vehicles and assets transferred as security, as well as guarantees and real property liens. Cash collateral is also used in hedging transactions. The risk arising from nonderivative financial instruments is also accounted for by recognizing bad debt losses. Significant cash and capital investments, as well as derivatives, are only entered into with national and international banks of good credit standing. Risk is additionally limited by a limit system based primarily on the equity base of the counterparties concerned and on credit assessments by international rating agencies. Financial guarantees issued also give rise to credit and default risk. The maximum potential credit and default risk is calculated from the amount Volkswagen would have to pay if claims were to be asserted under the guarantees. The corresponding amounts are presented in the Liquidity risk section.

There were no material concentrations of risk at individual counterparties or counterparty groups in the past fiscal year due to the global allocation of the Group’s business activities and the resulting diversification. There was hardly any change in the concentration of credit and default risk exposures to the German public banking sector as a whole that has arisen from Group-wide cash and capital investments as well as derivatives: the portion attributable to this sector was 9.7% at the end of 2015 compared with 12.1% (adjusted) at the end of 2014. Any existing concentration of risk is assessed and monitored both at the level of individual counterparties or counterparty groups and with regard to the countries in which these are based, in each case using the share of all credit and default risk exposures accounted for by the risk exposure concerned.

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CREDIT AND DEFAULT RISK RELATING TO FINANCIAL ASSETS BY GROSS CARRYING AMOUNT

€ million

 

Neither past due nor impaired

 

Past due and not impaired

 

Impaired

 

Dec. 31, 2015

 

Neither past due nor impaired

 

Past due and not impaired

 

Impaired

 

Dec. 31, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial services receivables

 

108,171

 

2,442

 

2,881

 

113,493

 

99,795

 

2,548

 

3,036

 

105,379

Trade receivables

 

8,508

 

2,503

 

554

 

11,565

 

8,682

 

2,664

 

532

 

11,879

Other receivables

 

12,368

 

59

 

279

 

12,705

 

10,800

 

53

 

183

 

11,035

 

 

129,047

 

5,003

 

3,713

 

137,764

 

119,278

 

5,265

 

3,751

 

128,293

There are no past due financial instruments measured at fair value in the Volkswagen Group. In fiscal year 2015, marketable securities measured at fair value with a cost of €15 million (previous year: €97 million) were individually impaired. In addition, portfolio-based impairment losses are recognized in respect of the financial services receivables presented above that are not past due and not individually impaired, as well as of the financial services receivables presented above that are past due and not individually impaired.

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CREDIT RATING OF THE GROSS CARRYING AMOUNTS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS THAT ARE NEITHER PAST DUE NOR IMPAIRED

€ million

 

Risk class 1

 

Risk class 2

 

Dec. 31, 2015

 

Risk class 1

 

Risk class 2

 

Dec. 31, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial services receivables

 

91,651

 

16,520

 

108,171

 

86,099

 

13,696

 

99,795

Trade receivables

 

8,333

 

175

 

8,508

 

8,546

 

137

 

8,682

Other receivables

 

12,185

 

183

 

12,368

 

10,765

 

35

 

10,800

Measured at fair value

 

18,118

 

 

18,118

 

13,593

 

 

13,593

 

 

130,288

 

16,878

 

147,166

 

119,003

 

13,868

 

132,871

The Volkswagen Group performs a credit assessment of borrowers in all loan and lease agreements, using scoring systems for the high-volume business and rating systems for corporate customers and receivables from dealer financing. Receivables rated as good are contained in risk class 1. Receivables from customers whose credit rating is not good but have not yet defaulted are contained in risk class 2.

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MATURITY ANALYSIS OF THE GROSS CARRYING AMOUNTS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS THAT ARE PAST DUE AND NOT IMPAIRED

 

 

PAST DUE BY

 

GROSS CARRYING AMOUNT

€ million

 

up to 30 days

 

30 to 90 days

 

more than 90 days

 

Dec. 31, 2014

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial services receivables

 

1,977

 

549

 

23

 

2,548

Trade receivables

 

1,237

 

790

 

637

 

2,664

Other receivables

 

22

 

7

 

24

 

53

Measured at fair value

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,236

 

1,346

 

683

 

5,265

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PAST DUE BY

 

GROSS CARRYING AMOUNT

€ million

 

up to 30 days

 

30 to 90 days

 

more than 90 days

 

Dec. 31, 2015

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Measured at amortized cost

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial services receivables

 

1,777

 

637

 

28

 

2,442

Trade receivables

 

1,234

 

671

 

598

 

2,503

Other receivables

 

27

 

10

 

22

 

59

Measured at fair value

 

 

 

 

 

 

3,039

 

1,317

 

648

 

5,003

Collateral that was accepted for financial assets in the current fiscal year was recognized in the balance sheet in the amount of €90 million (previous year: €94 million). This mainly relates to vehicles.